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| Amphibian Uses in Vietnam | | In | |
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By Nguyen Quang Truong, Working Group Co-Chair for Vietnam
There are 82 species of amphibians officially registered in The List of Reptiles and Amphibians in Vietnam (Sang & Cuc 1996). Recent research has discovered additional species of amphibians for Vietnam (some new to science), with the total now over 112 species. Among these, 10 species were listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam (1992) consisting of 1 Endangered species, 1 Vulnerable species, 3 Rare species and 5 Threatened species.
Many species of amphibian which are valuable economically and scientifically have become rare. Some are in danger of extinction or serious decrease such as Paramesotriton deloustali, Ichthyophis glutinosus, Bombina maxima, Ophryophryne poilani, Rana chapaensis, Rana kokchange, Rana fansipani, Rana cancrivora, Rana tomanoffi, Rhacophorus appendiculatus and Rhacophorus nigropalmatus. These are a valuable genetic resource which must be preserved and developed in near future. The main reason leading to the above situation is overhunting and habitat destruction.
Inappropriate exploitation of amphibians is one of the direct causes leading to the reduction of amphibian populations in Vietnam. The extent of exploitation of amphibians depends upon their distribution and the demands of local people.
1. Food Uses
Some amphibians which are used for food are Bufo melanostictus, Rana guentheri, Rana kuhlii, Rana livida, Rana limnocharis, Rana rugulosa, Rana spinosa and Rana verrucospinosa. The species normally hunted in plain and midland areas are Rana guntheri, Rana limnocharis and Rana rugulosa. Rana kuhlii, Rana livida and Rana verrucospinosa are normally hunted in mountainous areas.
Amphibians are distributed widely throughout the country; hunting them is easy and their meat is highly prized, especially that of the larger species (Rana rugulosa, Rana guentheri, Rana kuhlii). The meat of Rana rugulosa is considered a speciality in restaurants in cities and towns. There have been households raising this species in Hanoi City, Ha Tay and Hai Duong provinces. They have, however, not met the demands of the market. Moreover, the process of raising frogs has many problems and so the industry has not really developed. A considerable number of amphibians are taken directly from their habitat as a result.
Amphibians are not only sold for human food but for consumption by domestic and other animals. Many snake raising units buy toads and frogs to feed king cobras and cobras (Ophiophagus hannah and Naja naja).
2. Keeping as Pets
The species which is most kept for ornamental purposes is Paramesotriton deloustali, which in Tam Dao is called "crocodile in land". This is a Vietnamese endemic which is in danger of extinction. It now lives only in the Tam Dao mountain range (Vinh Phuc, Tuyen Quang and Thai Nguyen provinces) and Ba Be area (Bac Can province). In Hanoi some households keep this amphibian in glass tanks in their livingroom. Several units raise this species in order to study them such as Hanoi Zoo, Hanoi Teachers' Training University and the Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources
3. Medicinal Uses
The toad (Bufo melanostictus) is used as a food for children who have rickets and slow growth. Many households in the countryside as well as in cities try to buy toads to make fluffy pemmican. 400g of fluffy pemmican can be made from approximately 200 adult toads. The skin secretions of Bufo melanostictus are also a valuable medical resource. Few efforts have been made to rear toads for medical purposes because of their abundance in some areas.
4. Trading
The economic value of amphibians is low and they are relatively short-lived. Little commercial trade therefore occurs. The species most often traded is Rana rugulosa. The price of Rana rugulosa per kilogram is usually from 10,000 to 20,000VND (0.7-1.5USD) in the countryside or midland. This price rises to 25,000-45,000VND (1.8-3.0USD) if they are sold to restaurants or the Chinese market.
Inappropriate exploitation of amphibians has reduced the number of species and individuals, and impacted on the natural ecological balance. In addition, environmental destruction (forestry, pollution etc.) limits their capability to reproduce and exerts negative impacts on the growth of tadpoles. In the future, if the above conditions are not improved, existence for some of the amphibians of Vietnam will probably be difficult.
Timely measurements and actions to preserve all kinds of amphibians in nature, especially the endemic and rare ones, are urgently needed. It is essential to propagandize the benefits of amphibians (e.g. killing insects, supplying food) and to encourage people to rear those of economic value. Habitat protection should be a long-term conservation strategy. These activities will partly protect amphibian populations in Vietnam against the danger of decline. At the same time, these are also a basis for the sustainable exploitation of this natural resource.
References
Huynh, D.H. et al (1997) Protection and lasting development of the wildlife resouces in Vietnam. Pub. House of Education.
Sang, N.V. and Cuc, H.T. (1996) The List of Reptiles and Amphibians of Vietnam. Science and Technic. Pub. House.
Truong, N.Q. (1999) Report on the Survey of the Extraction and Trading of the Reptiles, Amphibians and other animal species in the Pu Mat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province, 1999. 8pp.
Contact address: Nguyen Quang Truong, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Hoang Quoc Viet St., Cau Giay, Hanoi, VIETNAM. Tel: (84 4) 7562810 Fax: (84 4) 8361196
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